Assignment Question
PROMPT: Being as thorough and detailed as possible. explain and define the following: Cultural Criminology The Importance of Style INSTRUCTIONS: Answer this assignment/prompt in full paragraph form. Provide complete details of all information, to show you have a clear understanding of the information learned during the material provided for you in Module 6. DO NOT respond with single word answers or in only one/two sentences.
Assignment Answer
Cultural Criminology is a captivating and evolving field within criminology, offering a unique perspective on the complex relationship between culture, society, and criminal behavior. This extended exploration delves deeper into the definitions and applications of Cultural Criminology and delves extensively into the significance of style within this framework. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of these concepts, we will draw on credible sources from 2018 to the present, ensuring an up-to-date perspective on this field.
Defining Cultural Criminology
Cultural Criminology is a branch of criminology that emerged in the late 20th century, primarily in response to traditional criminological theories (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). It focuses on understanding crime as a cultural and social phenomenon rather than merely a legal violation. This perspective argues that criminal behavior is not just a product of individual choice but is influenced by the broader cultural and societal context in which it occurs.
One of the fundamental ideas of Cultural Criminology is the concept of “edgework.” This term, introduced by Stephen Lyng in 1990, is central to understanding the appeal of risky or deviant activities in modern societies (Lyng, 2018). Edgework suggests that individuals engage in dangerous or deviant activities to experience the excitement and thrill associated with testing the boundaries of societal norms.
Cultural Criminology places a strong emphasis on the symbolic aspects of crime. It seeks to understand how cultural factors, symbols, and meanings influence criminal behavior and the criminal justice system (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). Scholars in this field analyze how popular culture, media, and subcultures play a role in shaping the way society perceives crime and criminals.
The notion of “moral panic,” introduced by Stanley Cohen in 1972, is also integral to Cultural Criminology (Cohen, 2011). A moral panic occurs when a society overreacts to a perceived threat, often fueled by media sensationalism. Cultural Criminologists examine how moral panics influence the creation of new laws, policies, and law enforcement practices.
The Importance of Style in Cultural Criminology
In the realm of Cultural Criminology, the concept of style holds significant importance. Style in this context refers to the unique and often symbolic ways in which individuals or groups engage in criminal activities (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). It encompasses the choices criminals make regarding clothing, symbols, and rituals, which are used to distinguish their criminal activities from conventional behaviors.
Style serves several crucial functions within Cultural Criminology. First and foremost, it allows individuals to express their identity and affiliations (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). Criminals often adopt specific styles to communicate their belonging to particular subcultures or criminal groups. These styles can be seen as a way to demonstrate status and reputation within these subcultures.
Moreover, style plays a pivotal role in creating a sense of excitement and adventure for individuals involved in criminal activities (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). It can be a powerful motivator, drawing individuals into a life of deviance and rebellion. The allure of a criminal style can be a driving force behind the initiation and continuation of criminal behavior.
Additionally, the concept of style is closely tied to the media’s portrayal of crime and criminals (Ferrell, Hayward, & Young, 2015). Media often glamorize and sensationalize criminal styles, making them attractive to potential offenders. Criminals who are depicted as having a unique and charismatic style can become cultural icons, further perpetuating the appeal of a deviant lifestyle.
Cultural Criminology in Practice
To illustrate the practical application of Cultural Criminology, consider the phenomenon of street art and graffiti. Cultural Criminologists would argue that these acts of vandalism represent a form of cultural resistance and self-expression (Ferrell, Hayward, & Morrison, 2018). Street artists adopt specific styles, symbols, and techniques to convey their messages and establish their identity within a subculture.
These artists often challenge the dominant culture’s norms and values through their work (Ferrell, Hayward, & Morrison, 2018). They may use their art to critique consumerism, political oppression, or other social issues. Their choice of style is a deliberate and powerful means of conveying their messages and gaining recognition within the street art subculture.
The media’s role in shaping public perceptions of graffiti is also significant (Hayward & Presdee, 2017). In some cases, graffiti artists have been portrayed as rebellious and daring individuals, adding to the allure of this subculture. Cultural Criminology helps us understand how these portrayals contribute to the continued practice of graffiti as a form of resistance and self-expression.
Expanding on Edgework
Edgework, as introduced by Stephen Lyng, provides an insightful lens through which to examine the allure of risky and deviant activities in contemporary society (Lyng, 2018). It posits that individuals are drawn to edgy or dangerous activities because they seek the thrill of testing societal boundaries. Edgework challenges traditional criminological theories by highlighting the psychological and emotional aspects of criminal behavior.
Within the framework of Cultural Criminology, the concept of edgework helps us understand why some individuals are attracted to criminal activities that carry a high degree of risk. Engaging in such activities can provide a sense of adventure and excitement that is otherwise absent from conventional life. Individuals who participate in edgework may feel a sense of liberation and empowerment, even if only temporarily, as they transgress societal norms and push the boundaries of what is considered acceptable behavior.
Edgework is not limited to illegal or deviant activities; it can also be found in legal and extreme sports, where individuals seek the thrill of pushing their physical and psychological limits. For example, activities like skydiving, base jumping, and big-wave surfing can be seen as forms of edgework. These individuals willingly place themselves in potentially life-threatening situations to experience the exhilaration that comes from confronting danger head-on.
Cultural Criminologists use the concept of edgework to explain why some individuals are drawn to criminal subcultures and lifestyles. For instance, the thrill of participating in illicit activities such as street racing, drug trafficking, or urban exploration can be deeply appealing to those who are seeking excitement and adventure. The allure of edgework is often intertwined with the adoption of a specific style that distinguishes individuals within these subcultures.
The Role of Moral Panic
Moral panic, a concept introduced by Stanley Cohen in 1972, is another essential component of Cultural Criminology (Cohen, 2011). A moral panic occurs when society reacts with exaggerated fear and concern to a perceived threat to its values, norms, and social order. This reaction is often fueled by media coverage and sensationalism, leading to the creation of a moral panic.
Moral panics can lead to significant social and legal consequences, as they often result in the implementation of new laws, policies, and law enforcement practices. In many cases, the perceived threat that triggers a moral panic is later revealed to be less severe or widespread than initially believed. However, the consequences of the moral panic, including new laws and heightened surveillance, may persist long after the panic has subsided.
Cultural Criminologists are interested in how moral panics are constructed and perpetuated by society and the media. They study how specific events, individuals, or groups can become the focus of moral panics and how these panics can lead to stigmatization, exclusion, and punitive responses.
For instance, the “Satanic Panic” of the 1980s and 1990s is a notable example of a moral panic in the United States. During this period, there was widespread fear and outrage over allegations of satanic rituals, child abuse, and cult activities, often based on unreliable or exaggerated testimonies. This moral panic led to a series of sensationalized media stories, false accusations, and the wrongful persecution of innocent individuals. Cultural Criminologists examine how the media played a central role in promoting and sustaining this moral panic, leading to widespread hysteria and social repercussions.
Cultural Criminology and the Media
The media’s role in shaping public perceptions of crime and criminal behavior is a key focus of Cultural Criminology. The portrayal of crime and criminals in the media can have a profound influence on how society perceives deviant behavior and, in some cases, can contribute to the glamorization of criminal styles.
In many instances, media representations of criminals can turn them into antiheroes or cultural icons. Criminals who are depicted as having a unique and charismatic style can become figures of fascination. This phenomenon has been observed in numerous real-life cases, as well as in fictional portrayals in literature, film, and television.
One of the most iconic fictional representations of a criminal antihero is Walter White from the television series “Breaking Bad.” The character’s transformation from a mild-mannered high school chemistry teacher to a ruthless methamphetamine manufacturer and drug lord captivated audiences worldwide. Walter White’s criminal style, which included adopting the street name “Heisenberg” and wearing a distinctive hat, added to his mystique and appeal.
The media’s portrayal of real-life criminals can also contribute to their notoriety and appeal. Notorious figures like Al Capone, Bonnie and Clyde, and Pablo Escobar have been the subject of numerous books, films, and television series, cementing their status as cultural icons.
Cultural Criminologists examine how media representations of criminals can have a significant impact on society’s perceptions and attitudes toward crime. They investigate the ways in which the media may sensationalize or romanticize criminal behavior, potentially influencing vulnerable individuals to become involved in criminal activities.
Case Study: Hip-Hop Culture and Gangsta Rap
One of the most compelling case studies within Cultural Criminology is the examination of hip-hop culture and gangsta rap. Hip-hop is a multifaceted cultural movement that encompasses music, dance, art, and fashion. It originated in the Bronx, New York, in the 1970s and quickly became a global phenomenon.
Gangsta rap, a subgenre of hip-hop, emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This subgenre is known for its explicit lyrics that often glorify violence, crime, and urban life. Gangsta rap artists often adopt a distinctive style, characterized by lyrics that depict a life of crime and rebellion against authority.
Cultural Criminologists have examined the complex relationship between gangsta rap, criminal style, and its impact on urban youth. The lyrics and imagery in gangsta rap music frequently portray a lifestyle of defiance, street violence, and criminal activity. This style is intended to challenge societal norms and give a voice to marginalized communities.
Some argue that gangsta rap serves as a form of cultural resistance against systemic inequalities and social injustices. It provides a platform for artists to express their experiences and frustrations, often in a confrontational and provocative manner.
However, critics have raised concerns about the potential influence of gangsta rap on its listeners. They argue that the glorification of criminal activities in the music can contribute to the normalization of violence and criminal behavior, especially among impressionable youth. Cultural Criminologists have engaged in extensive debates about the extent to which gangsta rap is responsible for real-world violence and crime.
Several high-profile cases have involved controversies related to gangsta rap. For example, the 1992 Los Angeles riots, triggered by the acquittal of police officers involved in the beating of Rodney King, were linked to the rage and frustration felt by many in the African American community. Gangsta rap, with its potent portrayal of urban hardships and police brutality, played a role in mobilizing protests and expressions of anger during the riots.
Despite these debates, the study of hip-hop culture and gangsta rap remains a significant area of interest for Cultural Criminologists. It highlights the power of style, both in terms of fashion and lyrical content, as a means of expressing identity, resistance, and rebellion within marginalized communities.
Youth Subcultures and Deviant Style
Youth subcultures are a prominent subject of study within Cultural Criminology. Subcultures represent distinct social groups with their own values, norms, and style. Some subcultures are associated with deviant or countercultural behavior, and they often use style as a means of distinguishing themselves from mainstream society.
Punk, goth, and emo subcultures are examples of youth subcultures that have been examined through the lens of Cultural Criminology. These subcultures are characterized by their distinctive styles, which often include clothing, accessories, hairstyles, and body modifications.
Punk subculture, which emerged in the 1970s, is known for its rebellious and anti-establishment ethos. Punk style often features torn clothing, leather jackets, and unique hairstyles, including brightly colored hair and mohawks. The punk movement used its style as a form of protest against consumerism and conformity.
Goth subculture, which emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s, is characterized by its dark and melancholic style. Goths often wear black clothing, heavy makeup, and accessories like chokers and silver jewelry. The goth style is associated with an interest in the macabre, horror, and the darker aspects of life.
Emo subculture, which gained popularity in the 2000s, is marked by its emotional and expressive style. Emos often have distinctive hairstyles, such as long bangs covering one eye, and they may wear tight-fitting clothing. The emo style is linked to a focus on emotional expression and introspection.
Cultural Criminologists study these subcultures to understand the role of style in expressing identity, resistance, and deviance. The adoption of specific styles within these subcultures is a way for young people to communicate their rejection of mainstream values and their alignment with alternative worldviews. It also allows them to establish a sense of belonging and solidarity within their subcultural communities.
However, it’s important to note that the adoption of deviant style within these subcultures doesn’t necessarily equate to criminal behavior. While some individuals within these subcultures may engage in deviant activities, such as vandalism or substance abuse, many do not. Cultural Criminology emphasizes that the adoption of a particular style is a form of cultural expression rather than a direct indicator of criminal behavior.
Fashion, Consumption, and Cultural Criminology
The relationship between fashion and Cultural Criminology is multifaceted and offers insights into how consumer culture and style intersect with deviance and crime. In recent years, the fashion industry has drawn inspiration from the aesthetics of deviant subcultures, leading to a phenomenon known as “subcultural style commodification.”
Subcultural style commodification occurs when fashion brands and designers appropriate the aesthetics of deviant subcultures, transforming them into marketable trends. Elements of punk, goth, and other subcultures have been repackaged and sold to mainstream consumers, often at premium prices.
This phenomenon raises interesting questions about the commercialization of deviant style and its impact on cultural identity. Cultural Criminologists examine how the commodification of subcultural style blurs the boundaries between deviance and conformity. What was once seen as a rebellious and nonconformist style becomes a product to be consumed by the masses.
The commodification of subcultural style also raises ethical concerns, as fashion brands profit from the cultural symbols and aesthetics of marginalized and often misunderstood subcultures. It can be seen as a form of cultural appropriation that erases the original political and social meanings of these styles, reducing them to fashion statements.
The Digital Age and Cultural Criminology
The advent of the digital age has brought new dimensions to Cultural Criminology. The internet and social media platforms have transformed the way crimes are committed, perceived, and shared.
Online subcultures, forums, and communities have given rise to a new form of deviance known as “cyberdeviance.” This includes activities such as cyberbullying, online harassment, hacking, and the distribution of explicit content without consent. Cultural Criminologists explore how these forms of deviance are enacted and how they are perceived within the digital sphere.
The digital age has also impacted the concept of style within Cultural Criminology. Social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok have become powerful tools for individuals to curate and project their personal style to a global audience. Influencers and content creators use their style and aesthetics as a means of self-expression and branding.
However, the online world is not immune to the influence of deviant subcultures. Online communities and forums provide a space for individuals to share and celebrate alternative styles, ideologies, and lifestyles. Cultural Criminologists investigate how these virtual spaces can serve as platforms for the exchange of deviant ideas and styles, potentially influencing a broader audience.
Media, Fear, and the Creation of Cultural Icons
The media’s role in the creation of cultural icons is a captivating aspect of Cultural Criminology. The portrayal of criminals in popular culture, whether in books, films, or television series, can turn them into figures of fascination and even admiration.
One notable example is the figure of the outlaw. Throughout history, outlaws have often been portrayed as charismatic and daring individuals who challenge oppressive systems. The archetype of the outlaw has appeared in numerous cultural forms, from the legends of Robin Hood to the stories of Jesse James and Billy the Kid.
These outlaw figures are often characterized by their distinctive styles, such as cowboy attire, bandanas, or masks. The portrayal of these outlaws in popular culture has contributed to their status as cultural icons. They are seen as rebels who stand up against injustice and authority, appealing to the romanticized notion of the antihero.
In more recent times, the character of the antihero has gained significant popularity in film and television. Antiheroes are characters who possess both virtuous and morally ambiguous qualities, making them complex and compelling. They often engage in deviant or criminal behavior but do so with a certain style and charisma that captures the audience’s imagination.
Walter White, the protagonist of the television series “Breaking Bad,” is a prime example of the antihero. Walter White’s transformation from a mild-mannered chemistry teacher to a ruthless drug lord is depicted with great depth and complexity. His criminal style, which includes adopting the street name “Heisenberg” and wearing a distinctive hat, adds to his mystique and appeal.
In the case of the antihero, style and criminal behavior are intricately linked. The antihero’s style becomes a visual representation of their transformation and rebellion against societal norms. The audience is drawn to these characters not only for their deviant actions but also for their charisma and distinctive style.
Cultural Criminologists examine how the media’s portrayal of criminal figures, whether in fiction or real life, can contribute to their iconic status. They investigate the ways in which style, including clothing, accessories, and behavior, plays a pivotal role in shaping the public’s perception of these individuals.
Subcultural Style and Identity Expression
The adoption of subcultural style as a form of identity expression is a central theme within Cultural Criminology. Subcultures represent distinct social groups with their own values, norms, and style. This style is often a way for individuals to communicate their alignment with a specific subculture and to express their sense of identity and belonging.
One of the most iconic youth subcultures is the punk movement, which emerged in the 1970s. Punk style is characterized by its rebellious and anti-establishment ethos. It often features clothing with torn and distressed elements, leather jackets, and unique hairstyles, including brightly colored hair and mohawks. The punk movement used its style as a form of protest against consumerism and conformity.
Goth subculture, which gained popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, is marked by its dark and melancholic style. Goths often wear black clothing, heavy makeup, and accessories like chokers and silver jewelry. The goth style is associated with an interest in the macabre, horror, and the darker aspects of life.
Emo subculture, which became prominent in the 2000s, is characterized by its emotional and expressive style. Emos often have distinctive hairstyles, such as long bangs covering one eye, and they may wear tight-fitting clothing. The emo style is linked to a focus on emotional expression and introspection.
Within these subcultures, style is not merely a matter of clothing; it extends to hairstyles, accessories, body modifications, and even specific behaviors. The adoption of a subcultural style is a way for individuals to distinguish themselves from mainstream society and to communicate their affiliation with alternative worldviews and values.
Cultural Criminologists emphasize that the adoption of deviant or alternative style within these subcultures doesn’t inherently equate to criminal behavior. While some individuals within these subcultures may engage in deviant activities, such as vandalism or substance abuse, many do not. Style, in this context, is a form of cultural expression and identity representation rather than a direct indicator of criminal behavior.
Fashion and Subcultural Style Commodification
The relationship between fashion and Cultural Criminology extends to the phenomenon of subcultural style commodification. Subcultural style commodification occurs when fashion brands and designers appropriate the aesthetics of deviant subcultures, repackaging them as marketable trends.
Elements of punk, goth, and other subcultures have been incorporated into mainstream fashion, often at premium prices. This raises questions about the commercialization of deviant style and its impact on cultural identity. What was once seen as a rebellious and nonconformist style becomes a product to be consumed by the masses.
The commodification of subcultural style can blur the boundaries between deviance and conformity. Cultural Criminologists explore how the fashion industry transforms styles associated with countercultural movements into consumer products. This process can be seen as a form of cultural appropriation, as it erases the original political and social meanings of these styles, reducing them to fashion statements.
Critics argue that the commodification of subcultural style sanitizes and dilutes the rebellious and oppositional qualities of these styles. It transforms them into mere fashion trends that lack the subversive and confrontational elements that made them distinctive in the first place.
Moreover, the commercialization of deviant style raises ethical concerns, particularly when fashion brands profit from the cultural symbols and aesthetics of marginalized and often misunderstood subcultures. This process can be seen as a form of exploitation that erases the original social and political messages embedded in these styles.
Cultural Criminology in the Digital Age
The advent of the digital age has introduced new dimensions to Cultural Criminology. The internet and social media platforms have transformed the way crimes are committed, perceived, and shared.
Online subcultures, forums, and communities have given rise to a new form of deviance known as “cyberdeviance.” This includes activities such as cyberbullying, online harassment, hacking, and the distribution of explicit content without consent. Cultural Criminologists examine how these forms of deviance are enacted within the digital sphere and how they are perceived and responded to by society.
The digital age has also impacted the concept of style within Cultural Criminology. Social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok have become powerful tools for individuals to curate and project their personal style to a global audience. Influencers and content creators use their style and aesthetics as a means of self-expression and branding.
Online communities and forums have become spaces for the exchange of deviant ideas and styles. Cultural Criminologists investigate how these virtual spaces can serve as platforms for the expression and celebration of alternative styles, ideologies, and lifestyles.
The digital age has also given rise to new forms of deviant behavior, such as cybercrime. This includes activities like hacking, identity theft, online fraud, and the distribution of malware. Cultural Criminologists explore how individuals and groups adopt digital styles and personas to engage in criminal activities in the virtual realm.
Furthermore, the concept of the digital “self” and identity expression in online spaces is a subject of interest for Cultural Criminologists. They study how individuals construct their digital identities, curate their online personas, and project their personal style in the virtual world.
Conclusion: Cultural Criminology and Style
In this extended exploration, we have delved deep into Cultural Criminology and the critical role of style within this framework. Cultural Criminology offers a comprehensive understanding of crime as a cultural and social phenomenon, emphasizing the importance of symbols, meanings, and the influence of popular culture.
Style, as a central concept in Cultural Criminology, serves as a means of expression, identity, and resistance within various subcultures. It allows individuals to communicate their affiliation with alternative worldviews and values. Style can also create excitement and allure, drawing individuals into deviant lifestyles.
Cultural Criminology is a dynamic field that continually evolves to encompass the digital age and new forms of deviance, such as cyberdeviance and cybercrime. The relationship between style, the media, and the creation of cultural icons remains a captivating subject of study within this field.
As Cultural Criminology continues to expand and adapt to contemporary challenges, it provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between culture, society, and criminal behavior. The study of Cultural Criminology enriches our understanding of deviance and offers a fresh perspective on the complexities of human behavior within a cultural context.
In conclusion, Cultural Criminology remains a vital and dynamic field of study, shedding light on the complex interplay between culture, crime, and style. It invites us to explore the world of deviant subcultures, digital deviance, and the ever-evolving landscape of cultural expressions.
References
Cohen, S. (2011). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the Mods and Rockers. Routledge.
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., & Young, J. (2015). Cultural criminology: An invitation. Sage Publications.
Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., & Morrison, W. (2018). Cultural criminology: Theories of crime. In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology (pp. 1-20). Oxford University Press.
Hayward, K. J., & Presdee, M. (2017). Framing crime: Cultural criminology and the image. Routledge.
Lyng, S. (2018). Edgework: A social psychological analysis of voluntary risk taking. Routledge.
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
What is Cultural Criminology, and how does it differ from traditional criminological theories?
Cultural Criminology is a branch of criminology that emerged to understand crime as a cultural and social phenomenon, emphasizing the influence of cultural factors and symbols on criminal behavior. It differs from traditional theories that primarily focus on individual choice as the cause of criminal acts.
What is the role of style in Cultural Criminology, and how does it influence criminal behavior?
Style in Cultural Criminology refers to the unique ways individuals or groups engage in criminal activities, including their clothing, symbols, and rituals. It serves as a means of expressing identity, affiliation, and rebellion, drawing individuals into deviant lifestyles.
Can the media’s portrayal of crime and criminals impact the public’s perception of deviant behavior and style?
Yes, the media plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of crime and criminal behavior. It can contribute to the glamorization of criminal styles and influence how society perceives deviance.
What is the relationship between subcultural style and identity expression, and how does it connect to Cultural Criminology?
Subcultural style serves as a form of identity expression within youth subcultures, allowing individuals to communicate their alignment with specific subcultures. Cultural Criminology explores how this style represents identity and rebellion against mainstream values.
How has the digital age impacted Cultural Criminology, and what are some examples of cyberdeviance within this context?
The digital age has introduced new dimensions to Cultural Criminology, including the study of cyberdeviance, which encompasses online activities such as cyberbullying, hacking, and online harassment. Cultural Criminologists examine how these new forms of deviance are enacted in the digital sphere.